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Temasek Polytechnic
(Food Science & Nutrition)
Names
Alicia Chee(TA03)
Chin Ying(TA01)
Lynnette Heng(TA01)
Lorelle Ang(TA01)
Levina Tay(TA01)
Nicholas Tan(TA03)
Subject: PBPN
Topic:Immunology
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Saturday, February 6, 2010
Implication To Health caused by SLE
The Heart
Blood is made up of many different parts, but those that are most often affected by lupus are the red blood cells, the white blood cells, and the platelets.
1) Anemia
Lupus-related anemia occurs because when the body is not producing enough red blood cells. However, antibodies target healthy red blood cells for destruction. This condition is called hemolytic anemia, or simply hemolysis. Hemolysis can cause a yellowish color(caused by bilirubin) in your skin and eyes and is a serious condition.
Anemia may also be caused by aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat lupus. These drugs can irritate the lining of your stomach, which may lead to bleeding and loss of red blood cells. Feeling very tired is the earliest and most common symptom of anemia.
2) Granulocytopenia
It is due to decrease in white blood cells in the body which granulocytopenia. Both are common in people with active lupus.The reason of low numbers of white blood cells is due to an infection in your body, or due to certain drugs used to control lupus that work by suppressing your immune system.
The Lungs
Inflammation caused by lupus may affect the lungs in many ways, and can involve the membrane lining of the lungs, the lungs themselves, the blood vessels within the lungs, land the diaphragm.
1)Pleuritis
Lupus can affect your lungs is through inflammation of the pleura, the lining that covers the outside of the lungs. The symptom of pleuritis is severe, often sharp, stabbing pain in a specific area or areas of your chest. The pain, which is called pleurisy, is made worse when you take a deep breath, cough, sneeze, or laugh. You may also experience shortness of breath. An abnormal amount of fluid will build up in the space between your lungs and your chest wall; when it leaks out it is called a pleural effusion. Pain from pleurisy, with or without effusions, is found in 40 to 60 percent of people with lupus.
2) Chronic Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease
It is due to inflammation in the lungs is chronic, it can cause scarring. The scar tissue can prevent oxygen from moving easily from the lungs into the blood and may cause widespread interstitial lung disease. The symptoms experience include a chronic dry cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing during physical activity.
What are the treatments available?
Treatment can be used to treat the symptoms but not the disease. If the lupus causes only arthritis and rash, the medications can be relatively mild, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; ex Naprosyn, Ibuprofen, or Celebrex). Disease modifying anti-inflammatory drugs (DMARDs) may also be used. A mild one that helps rash and fatigue especially is Plaquenil. Methotrexate is a DMARD that can be given orally or by injection and requires regular laboratory monitoring. More powerful DMARDs called cytotoxic drugs include Imuran and Cytoxan and can be taken by mouth, injection or infusion. These are reserved for children with severe lupus involvement. One of the more effective drugs for controlling lupus is a steroid or glucocorticoid called Prednisone. The more severe the disease the higher the steroid dose and the more severe the side effects.
Reference
[Lupus Foundation of America(2009). The Cardiopulmonary System. Retrieved 8 Feb 2010. Website:http://www.lupus.org/webmodules/webarticlesnet/templates/new_learnaffects.aspx?articleid=2301&zoneid=526 ]
[Kathy Davis. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Retrieved Date: 5th Feb 2010. Website: http://www.connectedkansaskids.com/Diagnoses/SLE1.aspx ]
The Heart
Heart disease is a major complication of lupus and is now a leading cause of death among people with lupus. Blood tests, chest X-rays, an electrocardiogram (EKG), or an echocardiogram is used to find out whether a heart condition caused by lupus.
1)Perocaditis
Lupus affects the heart is through inflammation of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds your heart.The subject may experience are sharp pain in your chest and, occasionally, shortness of breath. Pericar-ditis usually does not damage your heart’s ability to function because it does not directly involve the heart tissue. However, inflammation that is chronic (long-lasting) can scar the heart tissue, which can interfere with the heart’s ability to pump blood.
2)Myocarditis
Lupus can cause inflammation of the myocardium, the muscle tissue of your heart. The symptoms are chest pain and an unexplained rapid or irregular heart beat. Myocarditis is often seen when there is inflammation in other muscles in the body.
In addition to that, it can also caused viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. And also, lupus creates an added risk for developing infections, especially if the subject is taking certain immunosuppressive drugs. The subject will have the risk of getting this type of myocarditis.
The Blood
1)Perocaditis
Lupus affects the heart is through inflammation of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds your heart.The subject may experience are sharp pain in your chest and, occasionally, shortness of breath. Pericar-ditis usually does not damage your heart’s ability to function because it does not directly involve the heart tissue. However, inflammation that is chronic (long-lasting) can scar the heart tissue, which can interfere with the heart’s ability to pump blood.
2)Myocarditis
Lupus can cause inflammation of the myocardium, the muscle tissue of your heart. The symptoms are chest pain and an unexplained rapid or irregular heart beat. Myocarditis is often seen when there is inflammation in other muscles in the body.
In addition to that, it can also caused viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. And also, lupus creates an added risk for developing infections, especially if the subject is taking certain immunosuppressive drugs. The subject will have the risk of getting this type of myocarditis.
The Blood
Blood is made up of many different parts, but those that are most often affected by lupus are the red blood cells, the white blood cells, and the platelets.
1) Anemia
Lupus-related anemia occurs because when the body is not producing enough red blood cells. However, antibodies target healthy red blood cells for destruction. This condition is called hemolytic anemia, or simply hemolysis. Hemolysis can cause a yellowish color(caused by bilirubin) in your skin and eyes and is a serious condition.
Anemia may also be caused by aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat lupus. These drugs can irritate the lining of your stomach, which may lead to bleeding and loss of red blood cells. Feeling very tired is the earliest and most common symptom of anemia.
2) Granulocytopenia
It is due to decrease in white blood cells in the body which granulocytopenia. Both are common in people with active lupus.The reason of low numbers of white blood cells is due to an infection in your body, or due to certain drugs used to control lupus that work by suppressing your immune system.
The Lungs
Inflammation caused by lupus may affect the lungs in many ways, and can involve the membrane lining of the lungs, the lungs themselves, the blood vessels within the lungs, land the diaphragm.
1)Pleuritis
Lupus can affect your lungs is through inflammation of the pleura, the lining that covers the outside of the lungs. The symptom of pleuritis is severe, often sharp, stabbing pain in a specific area or areas of your chest. The pain, which is called pleurisy, is made worse when you take a deep breath, cough, sneeze, or laugh. You may also experience shortness of breath. An abnormal amount of fluid will build up in the space between your lungs and your chest wall; when it leaks out it is called a pleural effusion. Pain from pleurisy, with or without effusions, is found in 40 to 60 percent of people with lupus.
2) Chronic Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease
It is due to inflammation in the lungs is chronic, it can cause scarring. The scar tissue can prevent oxygen from moving easily from the lungs into the blood and may cause widespread interstitial lung disease. The symptoms experience include a chronic dry cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing during physical activity.
What are the treatments available?
Treatment can be used to treat the symptoms but not the disease. If the lupus causes only arthritis and rash, the medications can be relatively mild, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; ex Naprosyn, Ibuprofen, or Celebrex). Disease modifying anti-inflammatory drugs (DMARDs) may also be used. A mild one that helps rash and fatigue especially is Plaquenil. Methotrexate is a DMARD that can be given orally or by injection and requires regular laboratory monitoring. More powerful DMARDs called cytotoxic drugs include Imuran and Cytoxan and can be taken by mouth, injection or infusion. These are reserved for children with severe lupus involvement. One of the more effective drugs for controlling lupus is a steroid or glucocorticoid called Prednisone. The more severe the disease the higher the steroid dose and the more severe the side effects.
Reference
[Lupus Foundation of America(2009). The Cardiopulmonary System. Retrieved 8 Feb 2010. Website:http://www.lupus.org/webmodules/webarticlesnet/templates/new_learnaffects.aspx?articleid=2301&zoneid=526 ]
[Kathy Davis. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Retrieved Date: 5th Feb 2010. Website: http://www.connectedkansaskids.com/Diagnoses/SLE1.aspx ]
2 Comments:
The colours used for this post makes reading the content difficult. Ms Verena
By 
, at
February 16, 2010 at 5:29 PM
We had made the necessary changes.
By 
mellitus-immunology, at
February 18, 2010 at 1:31 AM